Soorah Al-Faatiha - Verse 2

الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ



(الْحَمْدُ) 

All praise. This is the subject of the sentence. It is in the Marfoo' (nominative) case as can be seen by the dammah on the last letter of the word. It is definite since it has Alif Laam prefixed to it.

The subject of a sentence is always in the nominative case. The subject is also definite.


(لِلَّهِ)

This is the name of the Exalted. It has the preposition li prefixed to it. Therefore, it is in the majroor (genitive) case. A word in the genitive case has kasrah on the last letter. The kasrah can be seen on the last letter of Allah.  


Together the preposition li and the Name of Allah form what is known in Arabic as 

الجارِ والمجرورِ

Al-Jaar wa Al-Majroor

It means the word which puts in the genitive case and the word which has been put into the genitive case. For our purposes we will refer to it as a prepositional phrase. This Al-Jaar wa Al-Majroor, or prepositional phrase, is related to a predicate which has been omitted, namely 

واجب

which means essential, necessary. 


Thus, it is understood as  

الْحَمْدُ [ واجب] لِلَّهِ 

All Praise is [necessary, essential] for Allah



(رَبِّ) 

Lord. This word is the adjective for Allah. Since Allah is in the majroor (genitive) state, so is the adjective as the adjective must follow the word it qualifies in respect to being majroor, mansoob, or marfoo.


(الْعالَمِينَ)


All that exists. This word, together, with the word which precedes it forms, what is known in Arabic as, a construct or 

المضاف والمضاف إليه

The first word is known as the  

المضاف

and the second word is known as the 

المضاف إليه

All that exists is the second member so it is known as 

المضاف إليه

Since it is the Al-Mud'aaf ilay hi, it is in the majroor (genitive) state. The Mud'aaf ilay hi is always in the majroor state. 

The majroor state, in this word, can be recognized by the Yaa. Since the word is a sound masculine plural, the Yaa indicates that it is in the majroor state. Words which are sound masculine plural have Yaa as the second last letter which indicates their majroor (genitive) and mansoob (accusative) states. The marfoo (nominative) state of sound masculine plurals is represented by Waw.